Capacitors have little effect on the performance of amplifiers. transistors and FETs which are relatively low voltage devices but able to carry large currents directly).Īnother consequence is that since the output of one stage is often at ~100 V offset from the input of the next stage, direct coupling is normally not possible and stages need to be coupled using a capacitor or transformer. The characteristics of valves as gain devices have direct implications for their use as audio amplifiers, notably that power amplifiers need output transformers (OPTs) to translate a high-output-impedance high-voltage low-current signal into a lower-voltage high-current signal needed to drive modern low-impedance loudspeakers (cf. They are also high-voltage / low-current devices. Valves (also known as vacuum tubes) are very high input impedance (near infinite in most circuits) and high-output impedance devices.

3.2.4 Direct coupled amplifiers for electrostatics and headphonesĬircuitry and performance Characteristics of valves.

3.2.3 Output transformerless amplifiers (OTL).

3.2.2 Parallel push–pull (PPP) amplifiers.

2.2.2 Commercial push–pull (PP) amplifiers.

2.2.1 Commercial single-ended triode amplifiers.

2 Modern audiophile hi-fi amplification.

1.4 Push–pull (PP) / differential power amplifiers.

1.3 Single-ended triode (SET) power amplifiers.

1.2.2 The single-ended triode (SET) power amplifier.

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Audio amplifier transformer